400, 1,2-propanediol,

and Transcutol HP

(cosurfactant) with

globule size ranging

between 20 and

140 nm

Zedoary turmeric

oil (essential oil

comprising

mainly

sesquiterpenes)

Antibacterial,

antithrombotic,

hepatoprotective,

and increase

gastrointestinal

motility

Oral

Poor water

solubility,

irritant, and

unstable in the

gastrointestinal

environment;

also high

volatility as a

consequence

reduced drug

loading in solid

dosage forms

Self-nanoemulsifying

drug delivery system

using ethyl oleate

(oil), Tween

80 (surfactant),

Transcutol P

(cosurfactant) with

~30% drug loading

and a globule size of

~68 nm

Low-energy

process

Oral

bioavailability of

bioactive marker

(germacrone) of

zedoary turmeric

oil increased

significantly in

rats as compared

to unformulated

zedoary turmeric

oil

Song and Sun

(2016), Zhao

et al. (2010)

Colchicine

(alkaloid)

Potent anti-

inflammatory

Oral

Low aqueous

solubility and

membrane

permeability

Eugenol (absorption

enhancer) assisted o/w

nanoemulsion using

isopropyl myristate

and eugenol (oil),

Tween

80 (surfactant), and

ethanol with average

globule size ~40 nm

Low-energy

process

Increased

bioavailability

due to eugenol-

based

nanoemulsion as

compared to free

drug solution

Shen et al.

(2011)

Ferulic acid

(4-hydroxy-3-

methoxycinnamic

acid)

Potent

antioxidant, anti-

inflammatory,

antiaging, free

Topical

Limited

solubility in

water and oils

o/w nanoemulgel with

isostearyl isostearate

(oil), Labrasol

(surfactant), and

Spontaneous

emulsification

followed by

ultrasonication

Improved

solubility,

permeability, and

UV protection

Harwansh

et al. (2015),

Batra et al.

(continued)

19

Nanoemulsions: A Potential Advanced Nanocarrier Platform for Herbal Drug. . .

363